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July 31, 2023

Unknotting the Culprit knot-page 1

Filed under: knots,Mathematics,unknotting the Culprit knot — Rob burchett @ 2:12 pm

Unknotting the Culprit knot-page 2

Filed under: knots,Mathematics,unknotting the Culprit knot — Rob burchett @ 2:11 pm

Thanks to Lou Kauffman for sending me a picture of the Culprit knot.

Unknotting the Culprit knot-page 3

Filed under: knots,Mathematics,unknotting the Culprit knot — Rob burchett @ 2:09 pm

Unknotting the Culprit knot-page 4

Filed under: knots,Mathematics,unknotting the Culprit knot — Rob burchett @ 2:08 pm

Unknotting the Culprit knot-page 5

Filed under: knots,Mathematics,unknotting the Culprit knot — Rob burchett @ 2:06 pm

Thanks to Lou Kauffman for showing me swing moves.

July 22, 2023

the Poincare conjecture

Filed under: the poincare conjecture — Rob burchett @ 3:03 am

I suggest that the Poincare conjecture is a direct result of a new understanding of the basic structure of space itself.

In the concept sharing of a point, we can see that space has this new leveled structure.

Abstract: Here I introduce concept sharing. In uncovering extended space, I develop new ways of understanding Poincare’s conjecture.

As an entry into Concept Sharing let’s start with the concept of a point. In math this is the notion of an entity with no extent, or in Cartesian geometry the notion of something with position only.

We have the familiar idea of two items just touching or resting upon one another as we see in everyday life. For example a book resting on a table, or two books packed tightly together, on a shelf.

Then the point of contact can be separated into two points, one for each item. Mathematically a single point is replaced by two distinct points, with a small gap, then this gap can be increased..

What if a”point” could be expressed as two items of no extent which were not points? Since an item of no extent placed together with another similar item of no extent would still have no extent, yet there could be two items here. The two items would just be hidden as one. Why does there only have to be one entity which has no extent?

These two items could share the concept of a point (concept sharing). In order to do this we would have to take out the usual concept of a point and replace it with this new conception.

What does it mean to take out the concept of a point? It is not the same as removing a point from a given subset of points of the plane. We wish to open up a new possibility, so we have to reject the usual concept of a point and accept this new possibility. 

Yet to reject the concept of a point and replace it, it means we have to define a space where a point can be truly taken out of. A place of places. Another level to places. That is, a concept space. If you accept the notion of an entity with no extent you have to accept this new possibility as well.

To remove the concept of a point, we need to have a concept space, consisting of different nested levels of the concept. This must exist because I must have this further concept of a doubled item of no extent somewhere and I need to take out the concept of a single item of no extent to have it appear by itself (unconfused).

Further, all math concepts are point-like in that they are exact ideas which have no existence in physical reality. So number, set, group, function, etc. can all have concept spaces.

It seems like the two items should be the same. But not if they can be further defined in a new plane as separate.

Concept Sharing is a term used in education. But here I am giving it another definition.

As an entry into Concept Sharing let’s start with the concept of a point. In math this is the notion of an entity with no extent, or in Cartesian geometry the notion of something with position only.

What if a”point” could be expressed as two items of no extent which were not points? Since an item of no extent placed together with another similar item of no extent would still have no extent, yet there could be two items here. Why does there only have to be one entity which has no extent?

These two items could share the concept of a point. In order to do this we would have to take out the usual concept of a point and replace it with this new conception.

With numbers, they represent a position, an amount or a label.

Think about position and consider a race where 2 runners are tied for 10th place. We can say the runners are tied for tenth place giving the number 10 to both runners. But suppose instead of a foot race, two points are together in a race along the number line. Then in 10th place two points could be together as has been seen. Then two number 10’s can be given one to each point. These numbers could go with the points as they are mapped into the new plane which has been mentioned.

A circle which is the 10th circle to be formed could contain the two e’s with the two number 10’s.

In the equation x^2+y^2=1 the two points (0,1) and (0,-1) can be mapped to the point (0,0).

This can be notated ….p(1)*p(2)*p(3)=p(1)*p(2)= p(0).

Where * is the idea of different points coming together in the usual plane.

When mapping to points there is a many to many map, a many to one map or a one to one map. Yet there is another possibility with e’s. There can be, for example, a two to two map. Where two separated e’s are in the new plane and combine to form two points at a single location.I say two points at that location now because they are defined in two different places of original places in the new plane. Therefore there are two here as in the case of the overlapping shadows.

Since it is possible to have two entities together and still be two entities, this other case must exist somewhere. The entities must be zero-dimensional but not be points.

Yet the overlapping shadows show us that there could be a constant number of entities. This is because the shadows have somewhere to be cast onto. Rather than a notion of no extent alone, which could or could not be multiple, the surface makes it possible to show a finite number of entities of no extent.

Then postulate a place of places where ‘e” the entity of no extent which is like a point in that it has no extent but unlike a point being different in the following way:

e(0) is not equal to e(1)*e(2) is not equal to e(1)*e(2)*e(3) where again * is the idea of movement but this time in the new plane.

Suppose I represent a location by (0,0). What if we can have a case of (0,0)(1) not equal to (0,0)(2)?. This is possible if (0,0)(1) and (0,0)(2) were somehow different. Since something with no extent can be “added” to something with no extent and the result is something with no extent, there could be two items here. (see the overlapping shadow diagram) We would have to somehow make the two “points” different and only two “points”.

So I say “added”, let us postulate another level of places. That is, an underlying plane where places of the usual plane may exist in other “placements” of places. Where a placement is not a place but a lower level of place. The same notion as place, yet let places be capable of shifting off into this new plane of placements. Then we no longer have a fixed plane of places, yet the placements could be fixed.

Since two items (“points”) of no extent could appear to be a single item, and we could conceivably fix this at 2 or three, or as many as we choose, this other plane also must exist.

The usual idea of points can be notated …p(1)*p(2)*p(3)=p(1)*p(2)=p(0).This is the idea of two or more points coming together to form one point. This is all happening in the usual plane.

The other case can be notated e(0)=e(0) not equal to e(1)*e(2)=e(1)*e(2) not equal to e(1)*e(2)*e(3)=e(1)*e(2)*e(3). So e is not equal to p because it exists in placement space and has this other feature which is different from the way p behaves. In placement space we have 1 or 2 or 3 e’s together and also capable of being separated to different placements.

Then usually the idea of points can be notated pxp=p or pxpxp=p…etc. Where x is the idea of coming together or separating apart and p is a point. But what if there were another entity of no extent, call it e such that exe=exe, e is not equal to p so that exe is not equal to p and also exe=is not equal to e as that would be the same as pxp=p. We can call these entity equations.

It seems like exe are two identical entities of no extent and it should result in e. But consider that to have exe=p, I have to take out pxp=p. This is not as simple as taking out a point out of a given subset of points of the plane as I have to be able to put something back in that is truly different.

This means I need a space of places coexisting with the original places, so that I can take out the place pxp=p and replace it with the new places, exe=exe. Then we give up the notion of a fixed plane of points, instead we can have three planes, coexisting with one another.

The most basic new plane is in a sense at a lower level than the usual plane. This is a plane of places of new places .Any e in the usual plane can move off in any direction into this new plane, leaving its partner behind. Most basically, the entire plane can move, as shown above.

That means exe are not 2e’s at the same place, as is usually thought of as place but two e’s at the same place in new places. A new level to place. Now we have more room. Since they are in this sense not in the same place, they don’t combine. Briefly we can write this exe=exe (sharing).

Take out the concept of place and put in this new concept of place. The only way it can be different is if the places don’t combine to form a single place but stay separate while being together. (sharing as in the overlapping teacup shadows)

Consider a teacup placed on a table with two lights from above. One from the left and one from the right. See below:

Now as seen in the overlap, two different points of the shadows can take up the space of one point. This is analogous to two e’s sharing.

Then we can separate the two e’s, but the only way this can be different from the usual idea of separation in points, They are the same in that they share a place and a place of new and original places.

The place has been removed so we have an underlying dimension where places have other places of original places. Like a jigsaw puzzle of a landscape being taken apart. In this way two e’s are sharing a place and a place of new places.

Then this leads to a new extent, a line with two distances one being this new zero and the other being the usual concept of distance, extended.

This is a new dimension. Each e of the extent is different as any other e, yet they originally shared. This is just a new dimension in length. We can notate any two e’s as e(1,m) and e(1,n).

This extent may be considered as negative distance as we need to shrink it to get back to the new zero and then take this out and replace it with pxp=p to get back to the usual zero. Since for e(1,m) and e(1,n) the place is the same, any point that is bound to e(1,m) is also bound to e(1,n). Just not to both at the same time. We may have a closed loop of e’s which can move off and the shape could be altered if we have different distances associated with each e.

We can set a mathematical system with exe=p or choose three e’s so that exexe=p or the number of e’s could be variable.

This must fit into our current structure of mathematics as I am not adding any new notion in, merely clarifying the concept of a point as having no extent, then adding in the necessary new entities. The notion of no extent is the same. We already have this notion of a point as being pxp=p, we have to extend this.

Additionally, there is also the case exr=exr where e and r are two different types of entities as well. This can be for future work.

So we have the idea that a point is an entity with no extent, and also another notion that it could be exe=p but how do these fit together?

It must be that we have replaced the usual idea of a point as being pxp=p with this new idea of a point as being exe=exe.. This means there is another level to space. Since I’ve taken out the usual notion of a point, I must have taken it out from somewhere. This is the space, places of new and original places. It can be modeled after the usual idea of extent, yet the distances are negative.

Then this also means I can separate exe=exe in the new space and move in a space between two of the same e, like so, the displacements from the 2e’s are shown.

Then we can have the idea of a multiple point or two tangent points.

With the tangent point we measure the diameters from the point of tangency outward. These can be separated as usual with the usual distance appearing between them. The exe=exe points can be separated as well, with the new space appearing between them.This is the space of places of new places. This is the negative space.

So we must have a plane or a space in which the ordinary places e or p, take on other places.

A picture of this would look like below if we have only two e’s at the origin and I move one e off up and to the right.: The notation is (()) are places of new places and () are places.

This is a movement of one piece of a doubled origin, a single e.

Not only the origin but each identified exe=p of the new space can act as its own centre, The two e’s can  move away from each other.

We could have a closed loop of these points all moving together as shown in the diagram above. As well, this loop could be knotted, if instead of a plane we consider a three dimensional space..

Then this is also the entry into Concept Sharing as math concepts such as number, set, group, ect. Can all be thought of as point-like. That is to say they are all ideas which could have multiple expressions. They can all have sharings.

They are all exact and have no physical reality, they are just ideas.

Since they can all be multiple, there must exist lower concept spaces.

The Concept Sharing of a number:

A number is an amount, as in a counting number, or a position on a number line, or a label.

It is point-like in that it has no existence in physical reality, it is a mathematical object, not a physical object. Therefore we can make a correspondence between the idea of sharing in points and an idea of sharing in numbers.

So that means the concept of a number can be extended downwards so that we have a number of original numbers space and this number of sharing numbers after we take out the original number. So, for example, with the number 1; we have a number of numbers space, let the number of original numbers be 2, instead of 1. Take out the number 1, then we can have 1(1) and 1(2) sharing.

So also that any loop may be considered to be a point, because the point can have an infinite number of parts, and any point considered to be a loop. Therefore any space which does not contain “holes” or twists in any dimension will be necessarily simply connected.

May 29, 2023

A clearer and simpler understanding of knottedness using concept sharing

As an entry into Concept Sharing let’s start with the concept of a point. In math this is the notion of an entity with no extent, or in Cartesian geometry the notion of something with position only.

We have the familiar idea of two items just touching or resting upon one another as we see in everyday life. For example a book resting on a table, or two books packed tightly together, on a shelf.

Then the point of contact can be separated into two points, one for each item. Mathematically a single point is replaced by two distinct points, with a small gap, then this gap can be increased..

What if a”point” could be expressed as two items of no extent which were not points? Since an item of no extent placed together with another similar item of no extent would still have no extent, yet there could be two items here. The two items would just be hidden as one. Why does there only have to be one entity which has no extent?

These two items could share the concept of a point (concept sharing). In order to do this we would have to take out the usual concept of a point and replace it with this new conception.

What does it mean to take out the concept of a point? It is not the same as removing a point from a given subset of points of the plane. We wish to open up a new possibility, so we have to reject the usual concept of a point and accept this new possibility. 

Yet to reject the concept of a point and replace it, it means we have to define a space where a point can be truly taken out of. A place of places. Another level to places. That is, a concept space. If you accept the notion of an entity with no extent you have to accept this new possibility as well.

It seems like the two items should be the same. But not if they can be further defined in a new plane as separate.

With numbers, they represent a position, an amount or a label.

Think about position and consider a race where 2 runners are tied for 10th place. We can say the runners are tied for tenth place giving the number 10 to both runners. But suppose instead of a foot race, two points are together in a race along the number line. Then in 10th place two points could be together as has been seen. Then two number 10’s can be given one to each point. These numbers could go with the points as they are mapped into the new plane which has been mentioned.

A circle which is the 10th circle to be formed could contain the two e’s with the two number 10’s.

In the equation x^2+y^2=1 the two points (0,1) and (0,-1) can be mapped to the point (0,0).

This can be notated ….p(1)*p(2)*p(3)=p(1)*p(2)= p(0).

Where * is the idea of different points coming together in the usual plane.

Yet the overlapping shadows show us that there could be a constant number of entities. This is because the shadows have somewhere to be cast onto. Rather than a notion of no extent alone, which could or could not be multiple, the surface makes it possible to show a finite number of entities of no extent.

Then postulate a place of places where ‘e” the entity of no extent which is like a point in that it has no extent but unlike a point being different in the following way:

e(0) is not equal to e(1)*e(2) is not equal to e(1)*e(2)*e(3) where again * is the idea of movement but this time in the new plane.

Suppose I represent a location by (0,0). What if we can have a case of (0,0)(1) not equal to (0,0)(2)?. This is possible if (0,0)(1) and (0,0)(2) were somehow different. Since something with no extent can be “added” to something with no extent and the result is something with no extent, there could be two items here. (see the overlapping shadow diagram) We would have to somehow make the two “points” different and only two “points”.

So I say “added”, let us postulate another level of places. That is, an underlying plane where places of the usual plane may exist in other “placements” of places. Where a placement is not a place but a lower level of place. The same notion as place, yet let places be capable of shifting off into this new plane of placements. Then we no longer have a fixed plane of places, yet the placements could be fixed.

Since two items (“points”) of no extent could appear to be a single item, and we could conceivably fix this at 2 or three, or as many as we choose, this other plane also must exist.

The usual idea of points can be notated p(0)=p(1)*p(2)=p(1)*p(2)*p(3)=… Or ….p(1)*p(2)*p(3)=p(1)*p(2)=p(0).This is the idea of one point being mapped to two or more points or 2 or more points coming together to form one point. This is all happening in the usual plane.

The other case can be notated e(0)=e(0) not equal to e(1)*e(2)=e(1)*e(2) not equal to e(1)*e(2)*e(3)=e(1)*e(2)*e(3). So e is not equal to p because it exists in placement space and has this other feature which is different from the way p behaves. In placement space we have 1 or 2 or 3 e’s together and also capable of being separated to different placements.

Then usually the idea of points can be notated pxp=p or pxpxp=p…etc. Where x is the idea of coming together or separating apart and p is a point. But what if there were another entity of no extent, call it e such that exe=exe, e is not equal to p so that exe is not equal to p and also exe=is not equal to e as that would be the same as pxp=p. We can call these entity equations.

It seems like exe are two identical entities of no extent and it should result in e. But consider that to have exe=p, I have to take out p=pxp. This is not as simple as taking out a point out of a given subset of points of the plane as I have to be able to put something back in that is truly different.

This means I need a space of places coexisting with the original places, so that I can take out the place p=pxp and replace it with the new places, exe=exe. Then we give up the notion of a fixed plane of points, instead we can have three planes, coexisting with one another.

The most basic new plane is in a sense at a lower level than the usual plane. This is a plane of places of new places .Any e in the usual plane can move off in any direction into this new plane, leaving its partner behind. Most basically, the entire plane can move, as shown above.

That means exe are not 2e’s at the same place, as is usually thought of as place but two e’s at the same place in new places. A new level to place. Now we have more room. Since they are in this sense not in the same place, they don’t combine. Briefly we can write this exe=exe (sharing).

Take out the concept of place and put in this new concept of place. The only way it can be different is if the places don’t combine to form a single place but stay separate while being together. (sharing as in the overlapping teacup shadows)

Consider a teacup placed on a table with two lights from above. One from the left and one from the right. See below:

Now as seen in the overlap, two different points of the shadows can take up the space of one point. This is analogous to two e’s sharing.

Then we can separate the two e’s, but the only way this can be different from the usual idea of separation in points, They are the same in that they share a place and a place of new and original places.

The place has been removed so we have an underlying dimension where places have other places of original places. Like a jigsaw puzzle of a landscape being taken apart. In this way two e’s are sharing a place and a place of new places.

Then this leads to a new extent, a line with two distances one being this new zero and the other being the usual concept of distance, extended.

This is a new dimension. Each e of the extent is different as any other e, yet they originally shared. This is just a new dimension in length. We can notate any two e’s as e(1,m) and e(1,n).

This extent may be considered as negative distance as we need to shrink it to get back to the new zero and then take this out and replace it with pxp=p to get back to the usual zero. Since for e(1,m) and e(1,n) the place is the same, any point that is bound to e(1,m) is also bound to e(1,n). Just not to both at the same time. We may have a closed loop of e’s which can move off and the shape could be altered if we have different distances associated with each e.

We can set a mathematical system with exe=p or choose three e’s so that exexe=p or the number of e’s could be variable.

This must fit into our current structure of mathematics as I am not adding any new notion in, merely clarifying the concept of a point as having no extent, then adding in the necessary new entities. The notion of no extent is the same. We already have this notion of a point as being pxp=p, we have to extend this.

Additionally, there is also the case exr=exr where e and r are two different types of entities as well. This can be for future work.

So we have the idea that a point is an entity with no extent, and also another notion that it could be exe=p but how do these fit together?

It must be that we have replaced the usual idea of a point as being pxp=p with this new idea of a point as being exe=exe.. This means there is another level to space. Since I’ve taken out the usual notion of a point, I must have taken it out from somewhere. This is the space, places of new and original places. It can be modeled after the usual idea of extent, yet the distances are negative.

Then this also means I can separate exe=exe in the new space and move in a space between two of the same e, like so, the displacements from the 2e’s are shown.

Then we can have the idea of a multiple point or two tangent points.

With the tangent point we measure the diameters from the point of tangency outward. These can be separated as usual with the usual distance appearing between them. The exe=exe points can be separated as well, with the new space appearing between them.This is the space of places of new places. This is the negative space.

So we must have a plane or a space in which the ordinary places e or p, take on other places.

A picture of this would look like below if we have only two e’s at the origin and I move one e off up and to the right.: The notation is (()) are places of new places and () are places.

This is a movement of one piece of a doubled origin, a single e.

Not only the origin but each identified exe=p of the new space can act as its own centre, The two e’s can  move away from each other.

We could have a closed loop of these points all moving together as shown in the diagram above. As well, this loop could be knotted, if instead of a plane we consider a three dimensional space..

Then this is also the entry into Concept Sharing as math concepts such as number, set, group, ect. Can all be thought of as point-like. That is to say they are all ideas which could have multiple expressions. They can all have sharings.

They are all exact and have no physical reality, they are just ideas.

Since they can all be multiple, there must exist lower concept spaces.

The concept sharing of a number:

A number is an amount, as in a counting number, or a position on a number line, or a label.

It is point-like in that it has no existence in physical reality, it is a mathematical object, not a physical object. Therefore we can make a correspondence between the idea of sharing in points and an idea of sharing in numbers.

So that means the concept of a number can be extended downwards so that we have a number of original numbers space and this number of sharing numbers after we take out the original number. So, for example, with the number 1; we have a number of numbers space, let the number of original numbers be 2, instead of 1. Take out the number 1, then we can have 1(1) and 1(2) sharing.

A new plane:

Points are also exact math concepts. In the Euclidean plane they are places, with the notion of no extent, in the plane. We should be able to hide two together and number them using the two new numbers 0(1) and 0(2) identifying that we have two places. (0 is indicating an origin)

Two objects fitting into each other of no extent would still have no extent- but there could be two objects here, under another mathematical system. 

The two places 0(1) and 0(2) can be different by first removing a place and replacing it with (0(1)(0(2)). I am talking about removing the place itself and not removing a place from a set of places.

In a similar way as we uncovered the new number dimension (the number of numbers) we can uncover the new place dimension (the number of places and also the place of places). 

This can be done for the whole plane of places. That is, there is nothing special about the origin, so each place of the usual plane can be removed and we can replace it with a “sharing” of two places. So that we have a whole plane of doubled places. 

One of the new points can be fixed, while the other one is capable of “shifting” away From the fixed point. In this way these two can be different. Then all of the sharings in the new plane can become new origins-one place being fixed while the other place is capable of shifting away. Now we can see that this new plane is a plane of places of places.

Then labeling the places 0(1) and 0(2) we can “shift” them apart, keeping 0(1) fixed and moving 0(2) into the plane of places and of places of places. This can be done by shifting space itself (the space of one place). See below:

We are shifting away from an origin in place of place space. This is not a movement as usual as these are not two distinct points in the usual plane indicated by a distance apart. This is the movement of one part of a sharing pair away from another by shifting it over a co-existing space of places of places.

In order for two different sharings to move away from one another, we have to bring 0(1) and 0(2) back together. Then we can treat the sharing as a single item, similar to the usual concept of a single place.

Then have another sharing a small distance away from the usual sharing. Then the sharings can move apart. The sharing takes up doubled locations as it moves away. 

Then there is this combination between what we already know about space and this new knowledge for each individual sharing.

Then when we have two points at two places of places. We can have a unit of shift between them which is equal to the unit of distance in the usual plane.

Measure shift (another type of distance-this can be thought of as negative distance) between the center and 0(1) and 0(2) if we expand out in space. Also we can have the same value considering distance or shift (if we keep the unit the same for distance and shift). Then we can have a “mixed” space with both usual space and new space overlapping. (Some points doubled and separated, other points still together).

A connected and possibly knotted loop:

We can create a loop of these doubled points in places of places space in three dimensions of place and place of places space. Let the basic topology of this be the same as it is in the usual space. That is, we allow space to shift by isotopy, to expand or contract, to form crossings, etc. As we have another level of place, let it act basically as another dimension to space.

We can have a basic topology of space in places of places, mirroring the topology of points or closed curves,  in the usual space. Additionally, there are other things we can now do.

I can shift the copy of the points away from the original loop. In this way I can compare two loops which might be knotted. Start with a knot in the space, form the doubles, then shift one 

copy . This may then be manipulated to see if we can form a congruence between the moved copy and the inverse or mirror image knot. If these can be shown to be congruent then so are the original knots. Also we can seek other diagrams with a different order of crossings/joinings.

Creation of shifted diagrams:

  1. Diagrams have crossings in R^3 or S^3 (usual space). Consider the trefoil.
  2. Label these crossings Z(1), Z(2), Z(3),ect. The locations of Z-crossings/sharings (mixed space).
  3. Place a, b at each Z. An a or a b is an extra moving point (which can be called a “part”-as in part of a whole) which keeps track of the crossing/sharing.These can come from the surrounding space..
  4. A moving crossing is now a crossing/sharing as we are capable of having 2 parts at a vertex with a and b always moving along with the moving crossing/sharing.
  5. There is a new type of Crossing/sharing possible. A Q-type. This is a crossing/sharing of two points which do not cross in the original diagram. Additionally r and s parts which make up the joining can also pass through each other. This is not allowed for a and b parts. So the knot keeps its knottedness.

Z(1), Z(2), ect. Are representing moving crossings/sharngs in P^3 where “placement space” is the name I give the larger space.(places of places). But in the shifting diagram they have some freedom. They can travel along as they are moving sharings/crossings, reachable through shifts of the diagram (that is, all shifts are reversible) or they can stop at a specific placement and the a, b pairs (joinings) example (a(1)(r(1)) can shift on forward by rotation. This is still reversible as I can get back to this Z, as I can reverse from forward shifting. At the end, after I go all the way back I come back to the same location.

Then all these diagrams are equivalent and complete as long as we don’t cut the diagram.

Then R0, R1,R2,R3, have their equivalents as well. (call them S0,S1,S2,S3) If I create a new sharing, not already present at the beginning as a crossing, I call it a Q-sharing. This is a different kind of crossing/ sharing from a Z-sharing. I have rotation of the locations, creation of labels, joinings, movements of joinings and labels through sharings.I can move a joining through a sharing too. And that’s all (this is a complete list of what’s possible).

Let there be another diagram D(2) in R^3 and we wish to compare this to the original diagram. Move it to mixed space. Concept share its connected parts and one part of it shifts off. If we can make a congruence between this and the other diagram in mixed space then the two diagrams in the usual space are also congruent.

So we need to look for a match of the sharings, joinings when we simplify the diagrams.

If they are the same, then the information should be contained in one diagram. That is, shifts of one diagram should be able to produce the second one. So we need to look at one diagram to see if we can produce another(using all shifts available).

The new shifts are rotation by S0 (which isn’t usually considered) and movement of joinings through sharings.

So for the diagram set for the Trefoil:

  1. Start with the Trefoil positively oriented in R(3) or S(3) fig1
  2. Realize the new space with concept sharing of a point (creation of parts, placement space)
  3. Label the sharings/crossings with a(1),b(1), Z(1),…ect. fig.2
  4. Double up the parts, move one copy away.
  5. Move from positive space to mixed space (presence of placement space). Creation of Q sharings/crossings. Z(a,b) exists in both spaces Q(r,s) exists in only mixed space.
  6. S0,S1,S2,S3 can be made leading back to a final diagram. Fig. 5.  I can put back the joining pairs to reform the sharings only in a specific way
  7. There is an invariant of the Trefoil shown. Fig. 6a. We can compare it to itself using S0 looking to see if we can have an inverse or a mirror image of the knot.
  8. There may be a more direct way to compare two knots. Fig 6b.
  9. We can look for a different shape as joinings can move past other joinings.
  10. In the Trefoil, in particular, there are no other shapes, as well we cannot change any orientations, as shown.

Therefore the Trefoil is knotted and chiral.

In conclusion, we can use concept sharing to understand knots better. We can compare any two knots using new shifts of space in an uncovered dimension of place of places.

April 10, 2023

Introduction to the completion of mathematics

Filed under: Mathematics,the completion of mathematics — Rob burchett @ 1:34 pm

In concept sharing we can state that there can be any number of concepts sharing a concept of concept space. Yet this can be specified before hand or it can be allowed to be two different numbers. This is because there is no way of telling from the outside, how many concepts are actually present. Unless we are told or told that there are more than one number and told these numbers.

If there are two numbers of concepts of concepts we can have an equivalence of numbers. Given a number of number of numbers. (2).

In this sense the “false” equations of mathematics ie. 1=2, 3=5, etc. have a solution using concept sharing.

What if I could show that the step by step way of understanding math must always be subjected to more steps? This would then change all math! There would be a need for a new “foundation”.

Then the way of understanding math would have to change. It could be understood as connected ideas, not dependent on absolute reduction.

This would then be a better, more complete way to understand it. This could still be precise, just taking into account all the other levels.

March 25, 2023

Simpler explanation of knottedness using concept sharing

Concept Sharing and a new way to understand knots

Abstract: Here I introduce concept sharing. In uncovering extended space, I develop new ways of understanding knots.

As an entry into Concept Sharing let’s start with the concept of a point. In math this is the notion of an entity with no extent, or in Cartesian geometry the notion of something with position only.

We have the familiar idea of two items just touching or resting upon one another as we see in everyday life. For example a book resting on a table, or two books packed tightly together, on a shelf.

Then the point of contact can be separated into two points, one for each item. Mathematically a single point is replaced by two distinct points, with a small gap, then this gap can be increased..

What if a point could be expressed as two items of no extent which were not points? Why does there only have to be one entity which has no extent? These would not exist in space as we know it, but in another space.

In the equation x^2+y^2=1 the point (0,0) is mapped to the two points (0,1) and (0,-1). This can be thought of as two points at (0,0) moving to the two locations (0,1) and (0,-1). 

This can be notated ….p(1)*p(2)*p(3)=p(1)*p(2)= p(0)=p(1)*p(2)=p(1)*p(2)*p(3)…

Where * is of different points coming together or separating apart in the usual plane.

When mapping to points there is a many to many map, a many to one map or a one to one map. Yet there is another possibility with e’s. There can be, for example, a two to two map. Where two separated e’s are in the new plane and combine to form two points at a single location.I say two points at that location now because they are defined in two different places of original places in the new plane. Therefore there are two here as in the case of the overlapping shadows.

Since it is possible to have two entities together and still be two entities, this other case must exist somewhere. The entities must be zero-dimensional but not be points.

Yet the overlapping shadows show us that there could be a constant number of entities. This is because the shadows have somewhere to be cast onto. Rather than a notion of no extent alone, which could or could not be multiple, the surface makes it possible to show a finite number of entities of no extent.

Then postulate a place of places where ‘e” the entity of no extent which is like a point in that it has no extent but unlike a point being different in the following way:

e(0) is not equal to e(1)*e(2) is not equal to e(1)*e(2)*e(3) where again * is the idea of movement but this time in the new plane.

Then usually the idea of points can be notated pxp=p or pxpxp=p…etc. Where x is the idea of coming together or separating apart and p is a point. But what if there were another entity of no extent, call it e such that exe=p, e is not equal to p as then exe=e would be the same as pxp=p. We can call these entity equations.

It seems like exe are two identical entities of no extent and it should result in e. But consider that to have exe=p, I have to take out pxp=p. This means I need a space of places which contain the original places, so that I can take out the place p=pxp and replace it with the new places, exe=p.

That means exe are not 2e’s at the same place but 2e’s at the same place of original places, a lower level to place. Since they are not in the same place, as there is no place there, they don’t combine. Briefly we can write this exe=exe (sharing).

Take out the concept of place and put in this new concept of place. The only way it can be different is if the places don’t combine to form a single place but stay separate while being together. (sharing as in the overlapping teacup shadows)

Consider a teacup placed on a table with two lights from above. One from the left and one from the right. See below:

Now as seen in the overlap, two different points of the shadows can take up the space of one point. This is analogous to two e’s sharing.

Then we can separate the two e’s, but the only way this can be different from the usual idea of separation in points, is as if both entities are the same and different (not just different as in points). In the case of points, there exists this gap from one common point to the case of two distinct points.

The place has been removed so we have an underlying dimension where places have other places of original places. Like a jigsaw puzzle of a landscape being taken apart. In this way they are the same place yet they are at different places.

Then this leads to a new extent, a line with two distances one being this new zero and the other being the usual concept of distance, extended.

This is a new dimension. Each e of the extent is both the same and different as any other e. This is just a new dimension in length. We can notate any two e’s as e(1,m) and e(1,n).

This extent may be considered as negative distance as we need to shrink it by adding positive distance (usual distance) to get back to the new zero and then take this out and replace it with pxp=p to get back to the usual zero.

We can set a mathematical system with exe=p or choose three e’s so that exexe=p or the number of e’s could be variable.

This must fit into our current structure of mathematics as I am not adding any new notion in, merely clarifying the concept of a point as having no extent, then adding in the necessary new entities. The notion of no extent is the same. We already have this notion of a point as being pxp=p, we have to extend this.

Additionally, there is also the case exr=p where e and r are two different types of entities as well. E is not equal to p and r is not equal to p, additionally e is not equal to r. This can be for future work.

So we have the idea that a point is an entity with no extent, and also another notion that it could be exe=p but how do these fit together?

It must be that we have replaced the usual idea of a point as being pxp=p with this new idea of a point as being exe=p.. This means there is another level to space. Since I’ve taken out the usual notion of a point, I must have taken it out from somewhere. This is the space, places of new and original places. It can be modeled after the usual idea of extent, yet the distances are negative.

Then this also means I can separate exe=p in the new space and move in a space between two of the same e, like so, the displacements from the 2e’s are shown.

of space as well as a leveled nature.

Then we can have the idea of a multiple point or two tangent points.

With the tangent point we measure the diameters from the point of tangency outward. These can be separated as usual with the usual distance appearing between them, this is the idea of pxp=p. There is a small gap before we reach p, from two distinct points. The exe=p points can be separated as well, with the new space appearing between them.This is the space of places of new places. This is the negative space.

So we must have a plane or a space in which the ordinary places e or p, take on other places.

A picture of this would look like below:

This is a movement of one piece of a doubled origin, a single e.

Not only the origin but each identified exe=p of the new space can act as its own centre, The two e’s can  move away from each other.

We could have a closed loop of these points all moving together. As well, this loop could be knotted.

Then this is also the entry into Concept Sharing as math concepts such as number, set, group, ect. Can all be thought of as point-like. That is to say they are all ideas which could have multiple expressions. They can all have sharings.

They are all exact and have no physical reality, they are just ideas.

Since they can all be multiple, there must exist lower concept spaces.

The concept sharing of a number:

Numbers are exact concepts. We can think of them like the shadows, in the sense that they have exact boundaries and some way of showing one was twice another, (in area) ect.. Then as in the notion of overlapping shadows we should be able to place two numbers together and they would be “two hidden as one” if they had the same boundaries, like the shadows at the center.

Then to this end let us create another number dimension, a dimension of number of numbers. Let the usual case be that the number of numbers is only 1. But now let us expand into the next dimension and allow the number of numbers to be 2. So for example with the number 2, let us take away the original number 2 (since we have another dimension, we can do this) and replace it with two new numbers 2’(1) and 2’(2). These are together like the two shadows but do not form one number (like 2). Keep in mind that these are somehow different. They are different from the number 2 and also different from each other.

A new plane:

Points are also exact concepts. In the Euclidean plane they are places, with the notion of no extent, in the plane. We should be able to place two together using two new numbers 0’(1) and 0’(2) identifying the two points. (0 is indicating an origin)

An object of no extent placed together with another object of no extent, would still have no extent- but there could be two objects here, under another setup. 

The two points 0’(1) and 0’(2) can be different by first uncovering a new place dimension, a place of places. This must already exist because there must be some way to have two points exist together and still be two points.

In a similar way as we uncovered the new number dimension (the number of numbers) we can uncover the new place dimension. 

Take the original point out (we can do this since we have a new dimension of place, a place of places) and replace it with the two new points. This can be done for the whole plane of points.

That is, there is nothing special about the origin, so each point of the usual plane can be removed and we can replace it with a “sharing” of two points. So that we have a whole plane of doubled points co-existing with a plane of places of places. 

One of the new points can be fixed, while the other one is capable of “shifting” away in this new dimension of place. In this way these two can be different. Then all of the sharings in the new plane can become new origins-one point being fixed while the other point is capable of shifting away.

Then labeling the points 0’(1) and 0’(2) we can “shift” them apart, keeping 0’(1) fixed and moving 0’(2) into the plane of places and of places of places. This can be done by shifting space itself (the space of one point). See below:

We are shifting away from an origin in place of place space. This is not a movement as usual as these do not start as two distinct points in the usual plane followed by a movement apart. This is the movement of one part of a sharing pair away from another by shifting it over a co-existing space of places of places.

In order for two different sharings to move away from one another, we have to bring 0’(1) and 0’(2) back together. Then we can treat the sharing as a single item, similar to the usual concept of a single point.

Then have another sharing a small distance away from the usual sharing. Then the sharings can move apart. The sharing takes up doubled locations as it moves away. 

Then there is this combination between what we already know about space and this new knowledge for each individual sharing.

Then when we have two points at two places of places. We can have a unit of shift between them which is equal to the unit of distance in the usual plane.

Measure shift (another type of distance-this can be thought of as negative distance) between the center and 0’(1) and 0’(2) if we expand out in space. Also we can have the same value considering distance or shift (if we keep the unit the same for distance and shift). Then we can have a “mixed” space with both usual space and new space overlapping. (Some points doubled and separated, other points still together).

A connected and possibly knotted loop:

We can create a loop of these doubled points in places of places space in three dimensions of place and place of places space. Let the basic topology of this be the same as it is in the usual space. That is, we allow space to shift by isotopy, to expand or contract, to form crossings, etc. As we have another level of place, let it act basically as another dimension to space.

We can have a basic topology of space in places of places, mirroring the topology of points or closed curves,  in the usual space. Additionally, there are other things we can now do.

I can shift the copy of the points away from the original loop. In this way I can compare two loops which might be knotted. Start with two knots in the space, form the doubles, then shift one 

copy of each away. These may then be manipulated to see if we can form a congruence between the two, moved away copies. If these can be shown to be congruent then so are the original knots.

Creation of shifted diagrams:

  1. Diagrams have crossings in R^3 or S^3 (usual space)
  2. Label these crossings 1+,1-,ect. The locations of D-joinings/sharings (mixed space). For simplicity of the diagrams I do not include these on the diagrams.
  3. Place a, b at each D. An a or a b is an extra moving point which keeps track of the crossing/sharing.These can come from the surrounding space..
  4. A moving crossing is now a sharing as we are capable of having 2 points at a vertex with a and b always moving along with the moving crossing/sharing.
  5. There is a new type of Crossing/sharing possible. A Q-type. This is a crossing/sharing of two points which do not cross in the original diagram.

1+,1-,ect. Are the specific locations in R^3 where we put the other concept sharing diagram (shifted diagram) back together with it’s counterpart. But in the shifting diagram they have some freedom. They can travel along as they are labels, reachable through shifts of the diagram (that is, all shifts are reversible) or they can stop at a specific pair of locations and the a, b pairs (joinings) can shift on forward by rotation. This is still reversible as I can get back to this D, as I can reverse from forward shifting. At the end, after I go all the way back I come back to the same location.

So 1+ and 1- label the crossing 1, where the original locations can be traced back from. I am placing the labels on specific locations. I usually don’t include these labels on diagrams, for diagram simplicity. 

The diagrams could indicate where the crossing is so that I can trace back to the original location which matches shifts in this space; they are fully reversible and take full advantage of the new freedoms. Then all these diagrams are equivalent and complete as long as we don’t cut the diagram or change the order of locations.

Then R1,R2,R3, isotopy have their equivalents as well. If I create a new sharing, not already present at the beginning as a crossing, I call it a Q-sharing. This is a different kind of crossing/ sharing from a D-sharing. I have rotation of the locations, creation of labels, joinings, movements of joinings and labels through sharings.I can move a joining through a sharing too. And that’s all (this is a complete list of what’s possible).

Let there be another diagram D(2) in R^3 and we wish to compare this to the original diagram. Move it to mixed space. Concept share it and one part of it shifts off. If we can make a congruence between this and the other diagram in mixed space then the two diagrams in the usual space are also congruent.

So we need to look for a match of the labels, joinings when we simplify the diagrams.

If they are the same, then the information should be contained in one diagram. That is, shifts of one diagram should be able to produce the second one. So we need to look at one diagram to see if we can produce another(using all shifts available).

The new shifts are rotation (which isn’t usually considered) and movement of labels and joinings through sharings. 

In conclusion, we can use concept sharing to understand knots better. We can compare any two knots using new shifts of space in an uncovered dimension of place of places.

February 8, 2023

concept sharing of set theory

Filed under: Mathematics,set theory — Rob burchett @ 9:09 am
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